Romulus and Remus: The Foundation Myth of Ancient Rome
The tale of Romulus and Remus stands as one of the most enduring foundation myths in human history, traditionally dated to the mid-8th century BCE. This narrative, deeply embedded in Roman cultural identity, explains the origins of Rome while establishing its divine connections and early political structures.
Early Origins and Family Background
According to Roman mythology, Romulus and Remus were born to Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, the rightful king of Alba Longa. Their father was purportedly Mars, the Roman god of war, though this divine parentage was likely a later addition to enhance Rome's prestigious origins. Rhea Silvia was a Vestal Virgin, sworn to celibacy, making the twins' birth controversial and dangerous.
Amulius, who had usurped the throne from his brother Numitor, ordered the infant twins to be drowned in the Tiber River. The servants tasked with this deed, however, merely set them adrift in a basket, which eventually came to rest near the future site of Rome, at the base of the Palatine Hill.
The Wolf Nurturing & Discovery by Faustulus
"La Lupa Capitolina ('the Capitoline Wolf'), traditionally dated to 5th century BC Etruria, with Romulus and Remus added in the 15th century by Antonio del Pollaiuolo. Some research suggests the wolf may date to the 13th century AD. (Photo: Wilfredo Rafael Rodriguez Hernandez)"
In what became one of the most iconic elements of the legend, a she-wolf (lupa) discovered the twins and nursed them. This she-wolf, known as the Capitoline Wolf, became a powerful symbol of Roman identity. Modern scholars suggest this part of the story might have originated from a misunderstanding of the word "lupa," which could also mean "prostitute" in Latin.
The twins were eventually found by Faustulus, a shepherd of the king's flocks, who, with his wife Acca Larentia, raised them as their own. Under their care, Romulus and Remus grew into strong young men, natural leaders among the local shepherds and farmers.
Path to Power, Conflict with Amulius
As young adults, the twins' noble bearing and leadership qualities drew attention. After a dispute with shepherds of Numitor's flocks, a series of events led to the revelation of their true identity. This discovery set in motion their return to Alba Longa and their confrontation with Amulius.
Upon learning of their heritage, the twins gathered supporters and returned to Alba Longa. They deposed Amulius and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne. This act of familial loyalty and justice established their reputation as righteous leaders.
Foundation of Rome: Site Selection & The Fatal Quarrel
After restoring Numitor, the twins decided to found their own city. They chose the area around the seven hills where they had grown up. However, they disagreed on the exact location - Romulus preferred the Palatine Hill, while Remus favored the Aventine Hill.
The brothers agreed to settle their dispute through augury, watching for divine signs through the flight of birds. While both saw birds, a dispute arose over the interpretation of these omens. The conflict escalated when Remus mockingly jumped over Romulus's newly built walls, leading to his death at his brother's hands or by one of Romulus's followers.
Legacy and Historical Significance
While the legend itself cannot be historically verified, archaeological evidence confirms human settlement in Rome dating to the mid-8th century BCE, aligning with the traditional founding date of 753 BCE. Excavations on the Palatine Hill have revealed remains of early settlements from this period.
The Romulus and Remus narrative served multiple purposes in Roman culture. It provided divine ancestry through Mars, established a precedent for decisive leadership, and illustrated the supremacy of Rome's interests over familial bonds. The story influenced Roman art, literature, and political philosophy throughout antiquity.
The legend continues to resonate in modern times, with the image of the Capitoline Wolf remaining a powerful symbol of Rome. The story encapsulates themes of divine favor, leadership, fraternal conflict, and the sometimes violent nature of state formation that continue to intrigue scholars and the public alike.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volumes 1 to 6 by Edward Gibbon
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. When was Rome traditionally founded?
According to Roman tradition, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BCE.
2. Was the she-wolf real?
While the story is legendary, the famous bronze statue of the Capitoline Wolf dates to either the 5th century BCE or the medieval period.
3. Did Romulus and Remus actually exist?
There is no historical evidence for their existence; they are considered legendary figures.
4. Why did Romulus kill Remus?
According to the legend, Remus was killed either directly by Romulus or his supporters after mockingly jumping over the new city's walls.
5. What happened to Romulus after founding Rome?
According to legend, Romulus disappeared in a storm and was deified as the god Quirinus.
References
Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome. Routledge.
Wiseman, T.P. (1995). Remus: A Roman Myth. Cambridge University Press.
Carandini, A. (2011). Rome: Day One. Princeton University Press.
Beard, M. (2015). SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome. Profile Books.
Smith, C.J. (1996). Early Rome and Latium. Oxford University Press.
